Another familiar example of a vector are ticks of the genus ixodes which can be vectors for lyme. Report funded by roll back malaria report funded by roll back malaria and department for international developmentuk, july 20. This model comprises a susceptible host the person at risk for the disease, a disease agent the proximate cause, and an environmental context for the interaction between host and agent. Interaction of hiv and malaria centers for disease. The viruses are transmitted to humans by the bite of an infected mosquito. Although epidemiological thinking has been traced to the time of hippocrates, who lived around 5th century b. Since there is not yet a vaccine for malaria, prospects of curtailing the mortality and morbidity of malaria especially amongst children lie in the effective control and management of cases through a clear understanding of the local epidemiological factors and peculiar clinical manifestations of this disease in different regions where it is. In the western hemisphere, the aedes aegypti mosquito is the most important transmitter or vector of dengue viruses.
Agent the first link in the chain of disease transmission is a disease agent. In areas where both falciparum and nonfalciparum malaria occur, species specific treatment is advisable. Malaria descriptive epidemiology of malaria dr adeniyi. In the 1960s malaria was almost eradicated in the indian subcontinent, but because of technical and financial problems the eradication programme was allowed to lapse. Almost all malaria cases in brazil are reported from the amazon region, with 459,0 cases in 2004. Cdc is a member of the roll back malaria partnership, which consists of more than 500 partners, including malariaendemic.
Malaria ranks third among the major infectious diseases in causing deaths after pneumococcal acute respiratory infections and tuberculosis, and accounts for approximately 2. Malaria is known to kill one child every 30 sec, 3000 children per day under the age of 5 years. Beginning in the late 1950s and continuing through the late 1960s, when considerable effort was directed toward the global eradication of malaria, the goal was to. It helps public health professionals understand infectious diseases and how they spread.
Epidemiologic aspects of the malaria transmission cycle in an. Malaria also contributes indirectly to illness and death from respiratory infections, diarrhoeal disease and malnutrition. Epidemiology is the study of the determinants, distribution, and frequency of disease who gets the disease and why i i epidemiologists study sick people i epidemiologists study healthy people i to determine the crucial di. These characteristics will determine the feasibility of certain types of interventions to some extent irrespective of the vector mosquito or ecological setting of. Outside the amazon region, malaria is restricted to residual foci in areas where remnants of tropical forest can still be found. Interaction of hiv and malaria malaria branch division of parasitic diseases national center for infectious diseases safer healthier people. Epidemiologic approaches to malaria control malaria. Epidemiological aspects of malaria in the state of sao paulo, brazil, 1983. Reductions in the malaria burden need to be sustained in the face of changing epidemiology whilst simultaneously tackling significant pockets of sustained or. This training module on the epidemiological approach for malaria control has been developed to support the staff involved in the planning and management and in the monitoring and evaluation of malaria control and elimination programmes. Ppt reemerging powerpoint presentation free to view. The concepts of epidemiology are discussed in detail, and in an integrated way. Powerpoint is the worlds most popular presentation software which can let you create professional malaria powerpoint presentation easily and in no time.
A read is counted each time someone views a publication summary such as the title, abstract, and list of authors, clicks on a figure, or views or downloads the fulltext. Constant incidence over a period of many successive years in an area. National malaria control programme, abt associates and the inform project 20. It assists student in understanding infectious disease their causes, symptoms and how they are transmitted. The disease agent is defined as a substance, living or non living or a force, tangible or intangible, the excessive presence or relative lack of which may initiate or perpetuate a.
The concepts are dominant whereas in other books the methods dominate. Tuberculosis epidemiological triangle the epidemiology. In subsaharan africa, 8590% of malaria morbidity and mortality occur layne s. Welcome to sagefox free powerpoint templates one of the most useful and unique powerpoint templates resource websites available. These definitions and indices are important in epidemiological surveillance and in planning the control strategy for malaria. Outbreak of human malaria caused by plasmodium simium in. Epidemiology triangle of malaria ddt malaria scribd. Disease malaria powerpoint ppt presentation slides. I epidemiological study types i crosssectional i clinical trials i cohort studies. This helps you give your presentation on malaria in a conference, a school lecture, a business proposal, in a webinar and business and professional representations the uploader spent hisher valuable time to create this malaria powerpoint.
Tevfik dorak powerpoint presentation free to download id. Limited health infrastructure and lack of drugs at village level are the factors responsible for the high morbidity and mortality due to malaria. View this risk factors of heart disease ppt presentation which has collected 12 heart disease risk factors, avoid these heart disease risk factors and enjoy life. Epidemiology of malaria malaria control during mass. Outbreak of human malaria caused by plasmodium simium in the. Plasmodium vivax is common in lal qilla sub division, pakistan article pdf available in world applied sciences journal 301. Elimination of malaria is defined as the reduction to zero of the incidence of locally acquired. Basic principles of epidemiology public health merck. The malaria associated with development projects is often forest malaria or irrigated agriculture malaria influenced by the specific characteristic of the development project.
Epidemiology is the study of how often diseases occur in different groups of people and why. Like the clinical findings and pathology, the epidemiology of a disease is an. An estimated 91% of deaths in 2010 were in the african region, followed by 6% in the southeast asian region and 3% in the. We do this in malariaendemic countries with ministry of health colleagues, both to inform local policy and to share the information developed with the global malaria community. Feb 27, 2019 in 2012 malaria led to 216 million clinical episodes, and 655,000 deaths. Globally, malaria is one of the major health problems particularly in developing countries including pakistan. Changes in malaria epidemiology in africa and new challenges. Malaria is endemic in a broad band around the equator, in areas of central and south america, haiti and the dominican republic, some pacific islands, such as papua new guinea and some parts of middle east many parts of asia, and much of africa. This triangle has three corners, which are called vertices, which are labeled agent, host and environment. The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this. The field of descriptive epidemiology classifies the oc currence of disease according to the variables of person who is affected, place where the condition occurs, and time when and over what time period the condition has oc. Malaria occurred most frequently in the who african region 92 percent, followed by the who southeast asian region 5 percent and the eastern mediterranean region 2 percent. Malaria causes more than 4,00,000 deaths every year globally, most of them children under 5 years of age. The world health assembly and roll back malaria rbm targets for malaria control and elimination are to achieve at least a 75% reduction in malaria incidence and deaths by 2015.
Of all the reported cases of malaria, india accounts for 77% of the regional total while 54% of the all deaths are reported from myanmar. Previous epidemiologic approaches to malaria control, including stratification, have been faulted for being overly complex. Ppt principles of infectious disease epidemiology m. The multidimensional dots framework was implemented in 184 countries and led to 32 million patients receiving treatment and 25 million being cured 3, 4. Epidemiological triad free download as powerpoint presentation. Mathematical models for the transmission dynamics of drug sensitive and resistant strains can be a useful tool to help to understand the factors that influence the spread of drug resistance, and they can therefore help in the design of rational strategies for the control of drug resistance.
Epidemiology of malaria by dr nikhil bansal authorstream presentation. A report prepared for the ministry of health, the roll back malaria partnership and the department for. Give your memorable disease malaria presentation and build your crawd. Burden of vbds vectorborne diseases account for more than 17% of all infectious diseases, causing more than 7,00,000 deaths annually. Epidemiological approach for malaria control 2nd ed. Malaria vector borne infectious disease caused by protozoan parasite very common infectious disease transmitted by female anopheles mosquito no vaccines available can be treated easily with derivatives of quinine and artemisinin drug resistance common. Like the clinical findings and pathology, the epidemiology of a disease is an integral part of its basic description. For many years, epidemiologic studies have focused on the prevalence of malaria infection in populations, relating levels of infection to a variety of parasitologic, climatologic, and entomologic parameters.
The adobe flash plugin is needed to view this content. The triad consists of an external agent, a host and an environment in which host and agent are brought together, causing the disease to occur in the host. Pdf malaria epidemiological research in the republic of. Epidemiological triangle for malaria by jeffrey devoe on prezi. It still is one of the most common diseases affecting humans worldwide. There are 300 to 500 million new cases of malaria worldwide each year, and these result in 0,7 to 2,7 million deaths. While the malaria paradigms may be oversimplifications, the simplicity may allow the approach to work where others have failed. Epidemiologic approaches to malaria control malaria ncbi.
Epidemiological factors that promote the development of. Thus, the anopheles mosquito serves as a vector for malaria. This study design with aimed to find out the prevalence of malaria in human. Epidemiologic aspects of the malaria transmission cycle in. Epidemiology is applied in many areas of public health practice. The epidemiologic triangle is a model that scientists have developed for studying health problems. Free download powerpoint presentation slides from on different presentation topics. Epidemiologists will have made great strides in elucidating the complex determinants of malaria, including the risk factors for severe and complicated disease and the role of acquired immunity. Malaria is a serious and sometimes deadly disease that people can get after being bitten by a certain type of mosquito that is infected with a parasite called plasmodium.
Malaria has been recognised as a severe and lifethreatening illness for thousands of years. The epidemiological idea of population is explicitly the foundation of the whole book. The vast majority of these cases and deaths are due to plasmodium falciparum and occur in africa, but plasmodium vivax and plasmodium knowlesi can also cause severe. Epidemiological approach for malaria control world health. Malaria epidemiology which is the basis for part ii of this module, and m. A vector, an organism which transmits infection by conveying the pathogen from one. Fifty percent of malaria cases in north gondar zone occurred in metema woreda. Although the burden of plasmodium falciparum malaria is gradually declining in many parts of africa, it is characterized by spatial and temporal variability that presents new and evolving challenges for malaria control programs. The spread of drug resistance is making malaria control increasingly difficult. In most other books the population idea is implicit and in some it is neglected. Epidemiology is the study of the determinants, distribution, and. Malaria is on decline in bhutan, indonesia, india, sri lanka and.
It will be clear how chemoprophylaxis and drug therapy reduce morbidity and mortality, and how malaria more severely affects pregnant women and young children. Free download disease malaria powerpoint presentation slides. The first record of a treatment for the disease dates from 1600 a. Extraamazonian autochthonous plasmodium vivax infections have been reported in mountainous regions surrounded by the atlantic forest in espirito santo state, brazil.
Issues related to epidemiology of malaria, including definitions and. Although malaria is widespread in tropical countries, experience in india illustrates how it can reemerge even after effective control. Conquering malaria burden ecology and manifestations successes control research and training burden the global burden of malaria 1. Laboratory methods included thin and thick smears, multiplexpcr, immunofluorescent assay ifa against p.
The epidemiological triad the best known, but most dated model of communicable disease is the epidemiologic triad figure 1. Pdf malaria epidemiological research in the republic of congo. Malaria malaria is a protozoal disease caused by infection with parasites of the genus plasmodium and transmitted to man by certain species of infected female anopheline mosquito. As the p vivaxlike nonhuman primate malaria parasite species plasmodium simium is locally enzootic, we performed a. Because drugs used for the treatment of acute infections. Reductions in the malaria burden need to be sustained in the face of changing epidemiology whilst simultaneously tackling significant pockets of. The foundation of the current global tuberculosis tb strategy began in the 1990s, when the increasing trends of tb led to the creation of directly observed treatment, short course dots strategy 1, 2.
Symptoms of dengue fever infection usually begin 47 days after the infectious mosquito bite and typically last 310 days. Is epidemiology important to know the causes of malaria epidemic in your area. A report prepared for the ministry of health, the roll back malaria partnership and the department for international development, uk. The epidemiological triad in the case of many communicable diseases, such as malaria, the agent can only reach the. Epidemiology and challenges to the elimination of global. Vbdc vector born disease control malaria dengue haemorrahgic fever lymphatic filariasis janpanese encephalitis chikungunya fever malaria malaria italian bad air epidemiology of malaria chain of infectious disease process problem statments sear 30 % of. Free download malaria powerpoint presentation slides. Prevalent major epidemiological types of malaria in india tribal malaria 44 million population of tribal areas are contributing about 50% of p.
Malaria antigens are able to increases hiv1 replication invitro additionally in an hiv transgenic mouse model, murine malaria triggered an increase in p24 antigen production, with antigenpresenting. Dengue is a disease caused by any one of four closely related dengue viruses. We provide you a huge collection of 12671 free themed powerpoint templates that you can download for free. Sixtyfive patients and 1,777 residents were surveyed between april 2001 and march 2004. Laboratory diagnosis of suspected dengue specimens involves using serological tests starting five days after illness onset to measure antibody response.
A vector, an organism which transmits infection by conveying the pathogen from one host to another. Tuberculosis epidemiological triangle the epidemiology triangle is model that has developed by scientist to help in studying health complication. Today the most people are suffering from heart disease is increasing continuously. An epidemiological profile of malaria and its control in. A traditional model of infectious disease causation, known as the epidemiologic triad is depicted in figure 2.
Classical epidemiological triad of malaria environment agent host dr. Reemerging a free powerpoint ppt presentation displayed as a flash slide show on id. View and free download disease malaria powerpoint ppt presentation slides. Epidemiological information is used to plan and evaluate strategies to prevent illness and as a guide to the management of patients in whom disease has already developed. A model for the disease process flashcards from chelsea c. Ppt reemerging powerpoint presentation free to view id.
This work is licensed under a creative commons attribution. Epidemiology triangle of malaria free download as pdf file. Malaria was eliminated from southern and southeastern brazil over 50 years ago. If you continue browsing the site, you agree to the use of cookies on this website. Epidemiological models for the spread of antimalarial. The approach to elimination or control of malaria includes these basics, along with improvements in tracking of human illness and parasite surveillance, and effective resource delivery. Malaria epidemiological research in the republic of congo article pdf available in malaria journal 151 december 2016 with 145 reads how we measure reads. Indigenous malaria cases in the state of espirito santo are registered mainly in nine municipalities distributed in an ovalshaped area of about 5, 343 km 2 with a population of 215,000 inhabitants.
The human behavioural pattern is a major epidemiological factor that impacts on disease transmission and progression in africa and there is growing evidence that with appropriate awareness, education, attitude, attention to and chemotherapy of, the key symptoms of malaria, the incidence of severe malaria can be drastically reduced especially in. An epidemiological profile of malaria and its control in uganda. Introduction to epidemiology outline what is epidemiology. This work is licensed under a creative commons attributionnoncommercialsharealike license. Periodic or occasional sharp increase of malaria in a given indigenous community. Among the most salient are to observe historical health trends to make useful projections into the future, discover diagnose current health and disease burden in a population, identify specific causes and risk factors of disease, differentiate between natural and intentional.
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